Water Supply and Sewage Treatment NAICS 221310, 221320
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Industry Summary
The 3,900 water supply and irrigation system companies in the US store, pump, treat, and deliver water to customers. The 340 sewage treatment companies operate sewer systems or sewage treatment facilities that collect, treat, transport, and recycle wastewater. The sale of water accounts for the majority of industry revenue. Large firms may offer both water supply and sewage treatment services. Some firms also offer other types of utilities, such as electric power or gas.
Aging Infrastructure and Funding Gap
The water and wastewater infrastructure in the US is aging, and many systems are nearing the end of their useful life and in desperate need of modernization and replacement.
Rising Rates
Despite public pressure to keep rates low, the water supply and sewage treatment industry has been able to raise rates consistently with healthy increases over time.
Recent Developments
Jan 23, 2026 - Senate Approves EPA Budget
- In mid-January, the Senate approved an $8.8 billion EPA budget, which heads to President Trump's desk, according to Waste Dive. The budget offers mixed implications for water utilities, preserving core water quality and infrastructure programs while keeping overall funding historically constrained. The bill maintains support for PFAS research, drinking water safety initiatives and grants for well owners, and it directs new work on PFAS management in agricultural settings, all of which shape future regulatory and treatment requirements for utilities. Although the budget is 4% lower than last year and includes a steep cut to Superfund, it still provides more stability than the deeper reductions previously proposed by the White House. However, the agency’s reduced staffing levels after last year’s reorganization could slow permitting, oversight and technical guidance that water utilities rely on.
- In late November, the EPA announced it would distribute $3 billion in new Drinking Water State Revolving Fund assistance and reallocate $1.1 billion in unused funds to speed removal of lead service lines, according to Engineering News-Record. The move ties allocations more closely to updated state inventories that significantly reduced the national estimate of remaining lead pipes. The agency said the revised data, which show about 4 million lead lines nationwide, will help utilities plan more efficiently and ensure funding reaches systems with verified needs. The money, provided through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, can support locating, planning, design and full replacement work, and states must update spending plans to qualify for additional allocations. Water-sector groups welcomed the shift, saying data-driven funding improves fairness and strengthens implementation as utilities refine inventories, prepare capital plans and face long-term replacement obligations that contribute to an estimated $625 billion in drinking water infrastructure needs.
- The Trump administration has proposed limiting the Environmental Protection Agency’s authority to regulate pollution in wetlands, rivers, and streams, according to The New York Times. The move could strip protections from up to 55 million acres of wetlands and threaten clean drinking water supplies. By narrowing the definition of protected waters to those with year-round or seasonal flow, the rule would exclude many intermittent and ephemeral streams, which provide more than half of the water flowing through river systems used for drinking supplies. The proposal follows the 2023 Supreme Court decision in Sackett v. EPA, which reduced federal oversight. Environmental groups warn the changes could lead to unsafe water and higher treatment costs, while industry groups, including agriculture, home builders, oil drillers, and real estate developers, suggest the change will reduce regulatory burdens.
- The Environmental Business Journal estimates the 30-year market potential for managing PFAS contamination at $132 million, the lowest projection since 2019, reflecting regulatory shifts under the Trump administration, according to Waste Dive. While remediation is expected to dominate at nearly $88 million, drinking water and wastewater spending are projected at $24 million and $20 million, respectively. Despite muted forecasts, companies are expanding capacity, with SGS quadrupling PFAS testing and Veolia pledging more than 100 treatment sites, including a $35 million drinking water facility in Delaware. Recent EPA tests confirmed destruction efficiencies of 99.9999% for certain PFAS chemicals, but mixed regulatory actions, including limits on wastewater sludge oversight, create uncertainty. The evolving landscape highlights both challenges and opportunities for utilities tasked with safeguarding drinking water and managing sewage treatment amid rising demand for PFAS solutions.
Industry Revenue
Water Supply and Sewage Treatment
Industry Structure
Industry size & Structure
The average water supply and sewage treatment company employs 11-18 workers and generates $4 million in annual revenue.
- The water supply and irrigation system industry consists of about 3,600 firms that employ about 39,500 workers and generate about $12 billion annually. The sewage treatment industry consists of about 330 companies that employ about 5,800 workers and generate $1.5 billion annually.
- The industries appear concentrated; the top 50 companies account for between 71% and 87% of industry revenue. However, government ownership (at the local level) skews the concentration percentage, and both the water supply and sewage treatment industries are more fragmented than Census numbers reveal.
- The majority of community water systems and wastewater treatment systems are government-owned. About 5% of Americans receive water through investor-owned water supply utilities.
- Large government-owned systems include the New York City and Washington DC systems. Large investor-owned firms include American Water, Aqua America, and United Water (Suez Environment).
- According to the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, approximately 80% of the US population obtains its water from public drinking water systems. About 15% of households obtain water from private wells, according to the EPA. The US has 50,000 community water systems, of which 91% serve less than 10,000 customers. The US has 16,000 wastewater facilities that serve 80% of the population.
Industry Forecast
Industry Forecast
Water Supply and Sewage Treatment Industry Growth
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