US Real Estate Sector NAICS 531
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Industry Summary
The 412,900 establishments in the real estate sector are involved in the purchase, sale, rental, leasing, and management of properties. Establishments typically specialize in a particular type of property, such as residential, commercial, or industrial.
Dependence on Credit
The real estate sector is capital-intensive and highly dependent on credit.
Maintaining Occupancy
For commercial and residential lessors, maintaining occupancy is critical to generating steady streams of rental income, which are necessary to cover operating expenses and debt costs.
Recent Developments
Dec 21, 2025 - Overpricing Causes Homes to Linger on the Market
- Elevated mortgage rates and economic uncertainty are forcing many home sellers to cut prices as overpriced listings linger on the market, according to The Wall Street Journal. In October, more than 20% of active listings had a price reduction, nearly double the share seen during the pandemic boom, according to Realtor.com. Homes priced correctly from the start tend to sell faster and closer to the asking price, while those requiring cuts often sit on the market five times longer. By October 2025, 57% of homes sold had undergone at least one price cut, compared with 47% between 2020 and 2024, with an average reduction of 3.7%, according to the National Association of Realtors. Buyers now enjoy more leverage, negotiating discounts and inspections, while sellers in oversupplied markets such as Southern Florida and Texas face higher delisting rates. Experts advise pricing based on recent neighborhood sales to avoid prolonged listings and deeper cuts later.
- Commercial real estate agents value promoting sustainability but face challenges due to the limited availability of green building data in commercial information exchange (CIE) databases, according to a recent report by the National Association of Realtors (NAR) and reporting by Facilities Dive. The survey showed that just 13% of commercial-focused NAR members reported access to green features data in their CIE. While 54% of those with access to green building data utilize it, most agents rarely work with sustainable buildings, and only 19% do so annually. Still, 55% see value in highlighting energy-efficient or eco-friendly features, although few believe that certifications boost valuations or speed up sales. Approximately 58% of agents reported that green building features are what tenants most often inquire about, yet buyers and lessees remain focused on hard costs. The most sought-after sustainable elements include lower utility expenses, improved indoor air quality, efficient windows and doors, resilience against extreme weather conditions, and enhanced lighting. The findings underscore both growing interest in sustainability and structural barriers to fully marketing green properties.
- Commercial real estate remains out of favor with investors, who have been burned by falling property values, despite the Federal Reserve's repeated rate cuts, according to The Wall Street Journal. Institutional buyers, once the backbone of the market, have reduced their allocations as returns have lagged far behind those of equities, infrastructure, and commodities. US property values remain 17% lower than their 2022 peaks, with offices and apartments hit the hardest, according to Green Street. While opportunistic firms like RXR and Blackstone are acquiring assets at a discount, many investors are hesitant to invest in refurbishments. Amid the demise of cheap debt and the assumption of rising property values, income generation from property is becoming increasingly important, shifting the focus to assets such as senior housing, retail, and high-quality offices. With construction costs up more than 40% since 2020, the limited new supply could drive rent growth.
- Retail landlords are entering 2026 with cautious optimism after a strong third quarter, reversing earlier declines tied to bankruptcies, tariffs, and weak sentiment, according to The Wall Street Journal. In Q3, retailers entered 5.5 million more square feet than they vacated, according to data firm CoStar. Discount chains such as Dollar General, Aldi, and 7-Eleven drove demand, while construction remained historically low, keeping the Q3 vacancy rate at 4.3%. Although closures from bankruptcies pushed store shutdowns up 11% in the first three quarters of 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, landlords are finding higher-paying tenants. Online sales growth and flat inflation-adjusted retail spending have slowed rent gains; however, analysts predict that consumer resilience will remain if the labor market remains steady.
Industry Revenue
US Real Estate Sector
Industry Structure
Industry size & Structure
The real estate sector is comprised of 412,900 establishments that employ more than 1.9 million workers and generate $666 billion in annual revenue, according to government sources.
- The real estate sector represents 11% of the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The real estate sector employs 1.2% of the country's workers.
- The sector is fragmented with the 20 largest firms representing 14% of revenue.
- In addition to employer establishments, the real estate sector has 3 million owner-operated establishments with no employees. Subsectors with the highest numbers of nonemployer establishments are lessors of real estate (44%) and offices of real estate agents and brokers (27%). The owners of nonemployer establishments typically perform the work and may outsource support functions like marketing and accounting.
- The real estate sector has shed about 27,000 establishments annually, which equals about 9.6% of existing establishments. However, the sector has added about 36,000 new establishments annually, which is equivalent to 12.7% of existing establishments. As a result, the sector has an average growth rate of 3.1%.
- The real estate sector is forecast to grow its employment base by 3.1% overall in 2024-2034, which is the same as the national average for all jobs, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Industry Forecast
Industry Forecast
US Real Estate Sector Industry Growth
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